Switching Reconstruction of Digraphs

Switching about a vertex in a digraph means to reverse the direction of every edge incident with that vertex. Bondy and Mercier introduced the problem of whether a digraph can be reconstructed up to isomorphism from the multiset of isomorphism types of digraphs obtained by switching about each vertex. Since the largest known non-reconstructible oriented graphs have 8 vertices, it is natural to ask whether there are any larger non-reconstructible graphs. In this paper we continue the investigation of this question. We find that there are exactly 44 non-reconstructible oriented graphs whose underlying undirected graphs have maximum degree at most 2. We also determine the full set of switching-stable oriented graphs, which are those graphs for which all switchings return a digraph isomorphic to the original

The incidence of nominal and real wage rigidities in Great Britain: 1978–1998

This paper analyzes the extent of rigidities in wage setting in Great Britain over the 1980s and 1990s. Our estimation strategy, which generalizes the work of Altonji and Devereux (2000), models the notional wage growth distribution--the distribution of nominal wage growth that would occur in the absence of rigidities in pay--while allowing for the presence of measurement error in the data. The model then allows for the possibility that the nominal wage growth of a fraction of the workforce may be subject to a nominal or real downward rigidity. Our model suggests that real rigidities in wage setting are more prevalent than nominal rigidities, although the incidence of these real wage rigidities has fallen gradually over time. If firms cannot cut real wages in response to negative demand shocks they may resort to laying off workers. Our results support this microfoundation of the wage-unemployment Phillips curve: Workers who are more likely to be protected from wage cuts are also more likely to lose their jobs.Wages - Great Britain

The energy tax: who pays?

An examination of the problems that arise when the government attempts to formulate economic policies having multiple objectives--in this case, reducing the nation's energy consumption and its associated social costs while ensuring that no particular region or income group bears a disproportionate share of the burden.Power resources ; Taxation

Does wage inflation cause price inflation?

Is there any evidence to support the assumption that increased wages cause inflation? This study updates and expands earlier research into this question and finds little support for the view that higher wages cause higher prices. On the contrary, more evidence is found for higher prices leading to wage growth.Inflation (Finance) ; Wages ; Prices

Thermal Transient Multisource Simulation Using Cubic Spline Interpolation of Zth Functions

This paper presents a very straightforward method to compute the transient thermal response to arbitrary power dissipation profiles in electronic devices with multiple heat sources. Using cubic spline interpolation of simulated or measured unit power step response curves (Zth-functions), additional errors due to model reduction can be avoided. No effort has to be spent on the generation of compact models. The simple analytic form of the interpolating splines can be exploited to evaluate the convolution integral of the Zth-functions with arbitrary power profiles at low computational costs. An implementation of the algorithm in a spreadsheet program (EXCEL) is demonstrated. The results are in very good agreement with temperature profiles computed by transient Finite Element simulation but can be obtained in a fraction of the time.Comment: Submitted on behalf of TIMA Editions (http://irevues.inist.fr/tima-editions

Monte Carlo Simulation of Deffuant opinion dynamics with quality differences

In this work the consequences of different opinion qualities in the Deffuant model were examined. If these qualities are randomly distributed, no different behavior was observed. In contrast to that, systematically assigned qualities had strong effects to the final opinion distribution. There was a high probability that the strongest opinion was one with a high quality. Furthermore, under the same conditions, this major opinion was much stronger than in the models without systematic differences. Finally, a society with systematic quality differences needed more tolerance to form a complete consensus than one without or with unsystematic ones.Comment: 8 pages including 5 space-consuming figures, fir Int. J. Mod. Phys. C 15/1